The effect of atropine and physostigmine sulphates on behavioural arousal in the developing rat

The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of atropine and physostigmine sulphates on the behavioural arousal of the developing rat with the aim of determining the exact age at which these drugs became effective. The spontaneous motor activity of the rats aged 15 - 28 days was measured using photocell activity cage, motor activity was measured for sixty minutes while the observation period in the Y maze was 3 minutes, subsequent to the administration of atropine, physostigmine or saline. The drugs were administered intraperitoneally. Control studies revealed that the 15 - 18 day old rats habituate slowly while the 20 - 28 day olds show a more precipitous decline in motor activity as time progressed. This age-related ability to habituate resulted over a period of 60 minutes, in higher activity scores in younger rats. This decrease in motor activity has been attributed to a gradually developed acetyl-choline inhibitory system. In contrast, in the Y maze, there were increases in the activity scores as the rats aged. It has been suggested that the age-related increase in activity is a result of an increased ability to explore. The intraperitoneal administration of atropine resulted in decreases in the spontaneous motor activity of the 15 - 18 day olds. At 19 days however, atropine had no effect on the activity recorded. These increases continued until day 25, after which atropine had virtually no effect on activity. The decrease in the motor activity of the drug-treated 15 - 18 day olds may be a result of drug blockade of cholinoreactive elements of the reticular activating system. In addition, the increase in activity observed between 21 - 25 day olds may be related to (i) an alteration in the cholinergic/dopaminergic balance of the brain in favour of the dopaminergic system (ii) the development of a cholinergic inhibitory system after day 20 of life. Compared with saline controls, the administration of physostigmine (0.2 mg/kg) to rats aged 15 - 21, 25 and 28 days resulted in significant decreases in the activity of the 15 - 20 day olds only. Increases in the locomotor activity of the 21, 25 and 28 day old rats were observed. Physostigmine (0.05 mg/kg) was administered to 16, 18, 21, 25 and 28 day old rats. At this dosage, a depressant effect was noted in the 16 day olds only. By day 18, however, a tendency towards an increase in motor activity developed. By 21 days, a definitely significant increase in motor activity was detected. The decrease in the activity of the younger rats (15 - 20 days) is possibly due to a combination of drug action at the neuromuscular junction and on response inhibition. Increases observed after day 20 are a result of physostigmine-induced increase in bothcortical and behavioral arousal in the intact animal. The changing pattern of the rat's response to the effects of atropine and physostigmine may be correlated with the gradual maturation of forebrain inhibitory structures (frontal neocortex and hippocampus) responsible for the modulation of reticular excitability (AU)

Central cholinergic involvement in the mediation of spontaneous motor activity in rats

Spontaneous motor activity of preweanling rats (14-day-old) was examined in an activity cage following the administration of atropine at 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg respectively. Compared with saline-control animals, atropine at these dosages, did not significantly affect the activity level of the 14-day-old rat. The motor activity of 14-20-day-old rats was also measured following the administration of atropine (10mg/kg) in the Y-maze and the activity cage. The activity level was significantly decreased in (a) all ages in Y-maze and (b) the 18-day-old animals only in the activity cage. In contrast, amphetamine (2.0, 4.0, and 10.0 mg/kg) induced significant increments in spontaneous motor activity. It is suggested that a cholinergic mechanism concerned with the modulation of central nervous system arousability becomes functional at 18 days of age, that is, subsequent to a more caudal arousal inducing mechanism, which seems to be mediated by a catecholaminergic system (AU)